The findings suggest providing appropriate programs on reducing family violence, alleviating poverty and encouraging women's education, to achieve healthy population growth and SDGs. Precisely, the experience of domestic violence shows a negative impact in rural and urban sectors. The disaggregated analysis indicates the heterogeneity in childbearing preferences. Results indicate that women in an extended family structure are more likely to prefer another child than women in a nuclear family. A logistic regression model was developed using a large data set (8,776) that represents different residential sectors (urban, rural, and estate) in Sri Lanka. This has been a basis for a large array of research however, studies so far have focused a little on the impacts of domestic violence and family structure on childbearing preferences which is the overall aim of this study. Over the past decades, most of the countries in the world have undergone unprecedented demographic changes, such as childbearing preferences. The fertility intentions were low among the younger women but high among those living in rural areas with larger families. The family size preference of the women in our study was higher than the actual numbers of children.

The mean number of family members was significantly greater in the rural areas (3.84) than in the urban (3.25) and semi-urban areas (3.05).The most important concern among women who had never delivered a baby was childbearing itself, followed by the expenses related to pregnancy and childbearing.

The mean desired and actual numbers of children were more in the rural areas (2.73 and 2.09, respectively) than in the urban (2.54 and 1.70, respectively) and semi-urban areas (2.49 and 1.60, respectively). The mean desired number of children was 2.55, which was significantly more than the mean actual number of children (1.77) in all generations.

There was no significant difference between the mean desired and actual marital ages (26.70 and 26.67 years, respectively). All the women were categorized according to age group and area of residence, and the survey results were statistically analyzed using a t test.Ī total of 1616 women were included in this study. We conducted a questionnaire survey among women who visited the obstetrics and gynecology department of 18 hospitals and clinics in the Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, between October 2011 and February 2012. This study was designed to determine the family size preference of and its effect on Japanese women. Japan has consistently shown a low fertility rate, which has been lower than the replacement level since 1974, and represents one of the least fertile countries in the world.

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